Leadership and management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership and management - Assignment Example I will measure the productivity of the skills that I will have acquired on communication and relationship building. A – Attainable literature search can be done through the internet library and am able to appraise websites to find credible sources of information. Peter, Psychiatrist officer, has agreed to meet with me next week. I have the support of Peter, to practice my skills and obtain the feedback. R – Relevant I am currently working as a nurse and would like to become a manager within my organization or another organization after I have completed my BSN. I believe that the in building my communication and relationship skills in the position of a nurse will aid me to be more comfortable and competent in a manager position because I will have learned how to relate with everyone in the organization. I will resolve any conflict that might arise, leader of change, communicating freely with the patient , employing all types of communications in the organization and coming up with a culture. T – Time bound literature search through the library and the internet are in progress and will be completed by week three. The interview with an expert is scheduled on the second week. Practice of the skills will occur during weeks 3-5, evaluation during week six, and later complete my development (Rossiter, 2004). S – Specific I will identify patient care management skills by undertaking a search in libraries and also conducting experts in the skill. I will practice patient care management skill in order to better my skills. A – Attainable learning from my fellow colleagues is the simplest way of grasping full ideas that will be required of me. I will be able to delegate duties, my deliveries should be directed to the patient, communicate effectively with other departments within the organization. S –Specific I will identify the strategic planning skills after working in the

Legislation & regulations Essay Example for Free

Legislation regulations Essay Until the passage of the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act of 1938, which for the first time imposed penalties for products that contains dangerous or impure substances, the production and sale of cosmetics in the United States was then regulated. Grolier (2005:220). Clear and accurate labeling of all ingredients was now required. The food and drug laws are administered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), sometimes in conjunction with the Department of Agriculture. With regard to cosmetics, the laws hold the manufacturers responsible for selling products that are in compliance with the regulations. Manufacturers, however, are not required to register their companies, their products, or their product ingredients with the FDA. They need not report adverse reactions, if they occur among their customers. The FDA may investigate a product , but bears the responsibility for proving that a substance used in that product is harmful. The industry, however, has been largely self-policing in the recent years. Reputable manufacturers conduct their own product-safety tests. In this table, the functions of FDA are enumerated, although not limited only to these: Source: Passiment (2006:38) Prue (2007:349) As part of the screening procedures and safety measures in adapting these products and selling cross-regions, the question on quality control assessment should never be compromised nor put into secondary importance. The degree of the quality measures will directly impact product performance, societal consumption, customer loyalty and market survival of the firm. Thus, the evaluating board should minimally possess the strictest procedures or methodologies of testing and evaluating these bio-products, as per the illustration or flowchart below: Source: Akoh (2004:39) Regulatory and Safety Conditions More than cosmetics, the government also oversees regulatory policies for any agents intended for use in the processing of foods or synthesis of compounds or ingredients for food use. According to the Food Chemical Codex, enzymes as listed must have a GRAS status or undergo the regulatory process of approval. However, the controversy over genetically modified organisms should be taken into consideration by molecular biotechnologists and applied biotechnologists as they design new lipases for new uses. These regulatory polices were established by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for substances that will be present in the diet at low levels. Neither the enzyme preparation nor the production organism has any health-related hazard, and both lack any oral toxicity and genotoxicity. Imposing and implementing policies affecting human subjects are the main functions of the FDA. Being a federal regulatory agency that monitors the safety and effectiveness of food and beverages and even of medical devices. The FDA is broken down into centers:   Center for Devices and Radiological Health with its Office of In Vitro Diagnostics Device Evaluation   Center for the Biological Evaluation and Research FDA classification are designated into several classes: Class I, Class II or Class III, with Class I being the least regulation. Devices are classified by the risk of harming the user and design. The simpler the design, the higher the probability that it will be categorized as Class I. FDA’s decisions can be very controversial for the industry and for the company or the manufacturer. It should be noted however that this decision-making process is not a rule-making game, so neither the affected company be able to comment on FDA’s decisions. The FDA has been commonly viewed as an obstructionist to a new innovation. , especially in new products and medication.

Motivation rewards

Motivation rewards You have to get rewarded in the soul and the wallet. The money isnt enough, but a plaque isnt enough either (Hymowitz, Murray, 1999, 4). Motivation-the willingness to exert oneself, consequent of the afore-implied intrinsic and extrinsic incentives, is fundamental to the prosperity of individuals, groups, organizations and society; for absent of this, there exists a lack of satisfaction, productivity and willpower that ultimately leads to inefficiency, dissatisfaction and management constraints. It is the aim of this paper to contest traditional views, by asserting that pay is of equal importance as job-design in achieving motivation-which will in turn provide an appreciation that both job-design and pay act as complementary factors in inducing varying levels of motivation, greatly dependent upon circumstance. This will be accomplished through the exploration of the individual implications of job-design and pay, through the application of practical examples, empirical research and mo tivational theories. Job-design is a comprehensive term, and for clarification purposes, it will within this paper include: working environment, relationships, feedback, achievement, responsibility and lastly, growth and developmental opportunities. Hereafter, aspects of job-design which motivate simply through the activity itself, such as feedback, achievement, responsibility, growth and development will be referred to as intrinsic factors; conversely, aspects of job-design which motivate through the anticipation of external rewards, such as changes in the working environment, status through relationships and mainly pay, shall be referred to as extrinsic factors (Deci, 1972). Similarly, pay in this paper refers to salary, pay-per-performance schemes, and any other form of monetary compensation. Furthering this, Herzbergs hygiene-motivator theory examines the intricate relationship between the extrinsic and intrinsic components of job-design. The theory associates extrinsic aspects of job-design with the hygiene factors, of which the absence or inadequate development will result in dissatisfaction, thereby prohibiting motivation from occurring; however, when adequately present, motivation is still not attainable solely based on those factors (Herzberg, 1987). Conversely, the factors which are claimed to motivate are those of intrinsic nature, being capable of stimulating psychological growth. Upon application to conventional employment, it is commonly accepted that few individuals are able to dedicatedly pursue a goal, if exposed to inappropriate atmospheres, harassing superiors or neglectful colleagues. Thereby, it is understood that prerequisites of extrinsic factors must suffice, and only thereafter could an individual be satisfied and hence motivated by undertaking work which stimulates psychologically. Thus, it is imperative to understand that the visible extent of intrinsic factors available in the design of a specific job, will ultimately dictate the extent to which an individual can be motivated. Alternatively, job characteristics theory suggests that motivation of employees is best achieved through the application of meaningful work-characterised by skill variety, task identity and task significance, for which the employee is personally responsible, and receives clear feedback regarding performance (Hackman, Lee, 1979). Thereby, the perceived purposefulness of a job, which is then reinforced through feedback, indicates that the design of a job in terms of potential achievement and its recognition, responsibility and consequently growth and development through significant contribution-all intrinsic factors, will determine the attitude of an employee, and hence will reflect upon the perceived self-image of the individual in relation to their organization. The lack of feedback could typically induce feelings of insignificance, through impressions of the work not being important towards an organization. Hence, if an individuals perceived role is rather minor, there will be a lac k of incentive to perform well. Since people work more for meaning and enjoyment than anything else in their lives, not providing an individual with the opportunity to learn and develop through application of meaningful tasks and feedback, will result in reduced commitment and motivation (Pfeffer, 1998). Illustrating the significance of acknowledging social needs incorporated into job-design: a case study examining the effects of improving working conditions of workers in The Western Electric Company in Hawthorne, resulted in continuous increases in production during the experiment (Mayo, 1975): clearly illustrating the positive correlation between job-design and motivation. Additionally, the bringing together of individuals placed in an autonomous team, resulted in spontaneous but consistently increasing dedication and collaboration-once again improving productivity, demonstrated that the possibility to develop relationships and achieve esprit de corps is fundamental, and of great significance (Fayol, 1949) in attaining motivation. However, even control groups seem to have improved their productivity-most likely as a result of increased perceived importance; a phenomenon, which furthermore underlines the influential impact of self-image upon motivation, generated by the perception o f work as being meaningful to the organization. Individuals involved in work whose job-design allows for major involvement and dependency through autonomy and responsibility, would typically find themselves being confident. Such an individual will have earned the respect of management, and in turn developed an increasingly prevalent self-esteem. Taking this into account, the hierarchy of needs suggests that such an individual would be motivated by having the option through commitment in achieving his fullest potential: self-actualization (Maslow, 1943). However, pre-requisites for the basic need satisfactions according to Maslow are amongst others, freedom to express ones self and freedom to investigate and seek information. Drawing on this, individuals who are not autonomous-those who are not granted this discretionary right, will never be able to undergo motivational enlightenment; in other words, jobs which do not stimulate the intrinsic aspects of job-design have significantly reduced effects in motivating individuals accordin g to Maslows theory. Consequently, it is imperative to accommodate the needs of an individual to ensure optimal productivity, by providing meaningful, appreciated autonomous work in a steady environment, and thereby avoiding the instigation of absenteeism and the free-rider problem (Knights Willmott, 2007). Therefore, when the unavoidable occurs-sub-optimal provision of intrinsic and other job-design factors, organizations must ensure that extrinsic aspects succeed for the purpose of compensating the motivational loss. For this reason, the primary source of extrinsic motivation: pay, will is now examined. Implications of pay as a motivator have long been explored, for the vital purpose of determining to what extent individuals should be rewarded for their efforts. Traditional studies, which largely focus on the self-reported importance of pay, have frequently dismissed its absolute significance as a motivator (Rynes, Gerhart, Minette, 2004). Of such nature, an extensive study performed at the Minnesota Gas Company, was conducted in order to ascertain which of the factors (advancement, benefits, company, co-workers, hours, pay, security, supervisor, type of work, working conditions) were most important to employees, and as a result would be most motivating (Jurgensen, 1978). Males ranked pay as fifth and females seventh respectively in terms of importance. However, when those exact employees were asked to attribute the same factors in order of preference from the viewpoint of a fellow worker, both males and females remarkably ranked pay as the number one factor! These discrepancies bet ween findings are suggestive of social norms dictating that money as a source of motivation is much less noble than factors involving challenging work, and ultimately contributing to society (Rynes, Gerhart, Minetta, 2004). Additionally, this example is indicative of traditional studies presenting distorted findings, thereby begging the question of how employees behaviours change in accordance with a change in pay. Hence: more conventional studies which instead examine behavioural proclivities, have largely concluded that increases in pay or introductions of individual pay incentives, have led to significant increases in production, far greater than those resulting from job enrichment procedures (Locke, et al, 1980). A meta-study of this nature, evaluated through behavioural responses, examined the effects of inducing varying motivational techniques of firstly increased pay or pay per performance, secondly setting goals and receiving feedback, thirdly employee participation in decision making, and lastly job enrichment, arrived to the conclusion that pay was the greatest motivational factor (Locke, et al, 1980). By having observed the behavioural modifications of involved individuals as opposed to subjective self-reporting information, this case-study illuminates the possibility of pay being far more significant than what Herzberg, Hackman, Maslow and Lawler claim it to be. Despite there being evidence pinpointing the absolute importance of pay as a motivator, it must be considered that its significance does in fact depend on a number of factors (Rynes, Gerhart, Minetta, 2004). Firstly, it is imperative that variability exists in pay; if this is not the case, when considering pay as a motivator, there would be no incentive to increase performance. Secondly, the effects of pay as a motivator when variability is existent, is dependent on its relative contribution to the existing wealth of an individual. Considering the implications of a billionaire receiving a raise will have ridiculously minute effects. Thus, the motivational effects of pay can be related to its relative impact in achieving varying levels on Maslows hierarchy of needs. Although traditionally assumed that pay can only satisfy lower-order needs (Lawler, 1969), it must be stressed that in contemporary actuality, pay greatly impacts an individuals perceived status, likeability, friendships, respectability and perhaps even sexual relationships. Moreover, it can be assumed that pay in the sense of allowing the accomplishment of the aforementioned much sought characteristics of man, will ultimately lead individuals being motivated by their desire for them. Especially since, descriptors attributed to characteristics are always relative to other individuals, it is vital that in the same way, the inputs of an individual-(which could potentially lead to those much desired traits through pay), relative to their outputs, are equivalent in comparison to others (Adams, 1965). If this condition is ill met, i.e. inequitable circumstances exist: an individual would have no incentive to perform well, thereby losing motivation to perform conscientiously as a result of pay. However, if an equitable environment is maintained, pay would result in motivating an individual as long as it possessed variation, and could impact status. Realistically, as pay is somewhat of a gateway to obtaining other goods, there will often be conflict involved regarding which individuals will benefit most. Variances in pay which is theoretically a determinant for motivation, is therefore met with competition to claim certain monetary rewards. The traditional method of measuring motivation, through changes in performance and output will often experience decreases, despite enhanced individual motivation: a phenomenon, explained by the undermining of teamwork and perception that certain relationships determine outcome, rather than individual input (Pfeffer, 1998). Even more so, through the lens of Marxism, pay-incentives will ultimately result in alienation from others and oneself, and could completely obstruct efficient functionality through head to head competition, instead of teamwork (Knights Willmott, 2007). Fundamentally, regardless of intrinsic and extrinsic factors being available to a specific job, motivation will be determined by an account of what rewards are possible, and are desired for completing a certain task. Hence, the reward value and the probability of that reward occurring from ones effort is what dictates motivation (Lawler, 1969). As seen, both job-design and pay can largely result in motivation, however, the effectiveness of either are established by the underlying reasons of undertaking an activity; if it is simply for the joy of participating in the work with the expectancy of improving knowledge, pay will have very limited effects in terms of motivation. However, if an individual only conducts a specific task, with the emphasis on craving monetary compensation, even job-designs offering a variety of intrinsic factors will not suffice. Especially considering that every individual will identify a different incentive for undertaking a certain activity-founded on varyin g cultures, morals and ideals, it is vital to provide a mixture of motivational inducements: namely pay, and job-design. Subsequently, as seen, job-design through controlling the extent and availability of socially responsible environments, significant and acknowledged tasks, establishment of comradeships, responsibility and discretionary rights, ultimately determines the possible levels of motivation. Consequently, if those aspects are suboptimal, an insufficient reward value for the completion of a task would be incurred. Hence, pay-which is highly probable to occur, can to some extent be used to substitute for the absent intrinsic motivational factors in job-design, which would normally satisfy the psychological needs of individuals, by instead, attaining items and relationships which could indirectly improve self-esteem and image. In this light, both job-design and pay act as complements to each other, compensating for the lack of either, and once again inherently allowing for the pursuit of a goal. Hence: it is understood that both pay and job-design share equal importance. Thereby, it is apprecia ted that single system approaches, regardless of whether their focus is on design, payà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦are just plain destructive and suicidal (Lawler, 1980, 542) and that both must be equally considered, in order to maximise potential motivation.

Is Shortening the Length of College the Answer? Essay -- Education Col

With most of the world economy trying to recover from the reeling affect of the global recession over the past two years, a new education concept seems to be emerging. In recent times, authors like Jennifer Epstein and Lamar Alexander have posted articles on websites, such as USAToday.com and Newsweek.com explaining how giving newer opportunities to students to finish their four year bachelor’s degree within three years will prove extremely beneficial. While both the authors sport similar sentiments, we will take into consideration those as projected by Jennifer Epstein. The article is a comprehensive piece explaining how most students will benefit from the introduction of three-year courses within universities, especially in terms of monetary benefits. While most of the arguments presented by the author in favor of three-year degrees stand valid, it may be taken into account that some of the crucial aspects with regards to the education system remain untouched and unexplored. If these few unexplored facets were to be considered, I am sure the conclusion of the author’s article might have differed alternately. In the counter-arguments I present further on in the paper, I will explore how introduction of three- year degree courses would rather mar the entire purpose of higher education and how the students will relatively suffer intermittently if subjected to the said change. However, to be fair to our opponent, we will first consider and reflect upon the points mentioned by her. Jennifer Epstein is of the view that with the downturn in economy, it has become extremely difficult for the college students to manage to pay for the college fees. Further, with incessantly rising costs, the entire task of meeting the expense of a coll... ...ly well students remain as a minority. If one does not take into account the arguments mentioned above, the future workforce of America looks incompetent. Without the proper education and training that can only be provided to them through a thorough education process involving the entire four years’ rigorous training, the students of today and the workforce of tomorrow will face grave imperils. This will in turn affect the entire nation’s future as well. Therefore, I suggest that before taking any major resolution, the policy makers and educators should take all these factors in account. Works Cited Jennifer Epstein. "More colleges offering 3-year degrees." USAToday 11 Mar. 2010: Lamar Alexander. "The Three-Year Solution." NewsWeek 17 Oct. 2009: Valerie Strauss. "Colleges Consider 3-Year Degrees To Save Undergrads Time, Money." Washingtonpost, 2009.

Organizational Staffing Plan

The purpose of this paper is to provide the lending institution with the required staffing organizational plan for the start-up new small business. This plan will explain the major staffing areas planned for the new coffee shop. This plan is based on approved human resource staffing principles. Employment Relationships The employment relationship that is planned is that of an Employer-Employee relationship. This will allow management to hire, train and schedule the staff. Of course, this will also mean that as the employer, the coffee shop will have certain legal responsibilities in regards to employment.One of these responsibilities is paying the employees at a fair rate. This rate must be at least $8. 25, which is the minimum wage in the District of Columbia. (â€Å"Minimum Wage,† 2013, table 1) This includes withholding the necessary payroll taxes, income and Social Security, and paying the necessary employer taxes, unemployment compensation and employer share of Medicare a nd Social Security. The coffee shop is also responsible for maintaining a safe working environment, as set forth by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).This will ensure safety in the workplace. Avoiding Claims of Disparate Treatment Claims of disparate treatment involve allegations of intentional discrimination in which the employer knowingly and deliberately discriminated against people on the basis of specific characteristics such as race or sex. (Heneman, Judge, & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012’, p. 58) In order to avoid these claims all parties need to be educated and trained. At the coffee shop this begins with a strong Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) policy that all parties are held accountable to.All business should be conducted with EEO in mind. This means that recruitment, hiring, and promotions should be conducted with the intent to place the best qualified person in the job. The coffee shop intends to have an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) pro gram. This will assist in opening the lines of communication and hopefully, resolve disputes before claims are made. However, if a claim is filed it is the intention of the coffee shop to protect the employee from any type of retaliation. External Influences to StaffingThe economic conditions and the labor market will play a major role in the efforts to staff the coffee shop. Economic conditions that are expected to affect the coffee shop are high turnover. Labor market conditions will also affect the coffee shop through labor supply, labor shortages, and employment arrangements. It stands to reason that because the coffee shop will located next to a college campus, it is anticipated that some, if not most, of the staff will be college students. This will both hinder and assist in staffing efforts.High turnover will probably be the norm for the coffee shop. This would be due to the labor supply. Because the coffee shop will be located next to a college campus, it is highly probable that the staff will include a large amount of students. As these students graduate they will move on to jobs in their educational career field. This, of course, will lead to a higher turnover rate. This can be overcome with careful employment strategies. These strategies include diverse employment arrangements. Flexible scheduling may be the most feasible arrangement.This will allow the coffee shop to hire a more highly motivated workforce that will be able to balance their personal life with work. Incorporating full-time shifts into the schedule may also assist in attracting and retaining a non-student staff. Plan to Manage Employee Shortages or Surpluses In order to manage for employee shortages and surpluses it will be very important to monitor the nearby college’s schedule. For example, summer may be a slower business time because there are fewer students on campus.This will cause a labor surplus. However, in the fall when the campus is active, the coffee shop may suffer a labor shortage. This can be addressed by maintaining a larger part-time staff year round. In this way, staffing hours can be scaled back in the summer. Also, the coffee shop must factor in the high turnover rate that the college student graduates will provide in the spring. This will probably lead to an aggressive hiring strategy that would not need to be executed until the fall. Strategy for Workplace DiversityOne of the strategies that the coffee shop will need to implement to ensure diversity would be to recruit from a variety of arenas. The college campus can provide a very diverse pool of applicants. However, it would also be highly beneficial for the coffee shop to recruit non-student applicants. This will only add to the diversity that the students would bring. In order to reach the non-student population it would be wise to run advertisements in the local newspaper and post announcements in community locations outside of the campus.Job Analysis for Key Positions In order t o recruit the staff for the coffee shop, it is imperative to have accurate job descriptions for the key positions. This can only be done by conducting an effective job analysis. This job analysis will help to identify what requirements are necessary for the job. This will enable the new employee to successfully perform the duties of the position. A good place to begin would be to list the tasks that the store manager/coffee servers would be responsible for.Then determine the dimension that the task falls in. At that time, determine the importance of each task/dimension. Develop the Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, and Other characteristics (KSAOs). Finally, it is the time to develop the job description. Store Managers The most critical factors used in staffing these positions will be their leadership skills and their ability to motivate the staff. Some of the qualifications needed for this position are retail experience, supervisory experience, and experience analyzing financial report s.Some of the KSAOs for the position of store manager are ability to manage effectively in a fast-paced environment, ability to manage store operations independently, ability to manage multiple situations simultaneously, ability to manage resources ensuring established service levels are achieved at all times, interpersonal skills, knowledge of customer service techniques, organization and planning skills, team-building skills, ability to plan and prioritize workload, and ability to handle confidential and sensitive information, .There would also be educational requirements that include a high school diploma and a college degree in business or a closely related field may substitute for a portion of the required experience.Because of the physicality of the job, the physical requirements would include constant standing/walking, occasional stooping, kneeling or crawling, constant computer/POS Register and bar equipment usage, constant talking, expressing or exchanging ideas by means of the spoken word, and constant clarity of vision at near and/or far distances. (â€Å"Store Manager,† 2013) Coffee Servers The most critical factors used in staffing the coffee server positions would be there customer service skills and their ability to be dependable.Some of the qualifications for these positions would be maintain regular and consistent attendance and punctuality with or without reasonable accommodation, meet store operating policies and standards, including providing quality beverages and food products, cash handling and store safety and security, with or without reasonable accommodation, Engage with and understand our customers, including discovering and responding to customer needs through clear and pleasant communication, comply with a dress code that prohibits displaying tattoos, piercings in excess of two per ear, and unnatural hair colors, such as blue or pink, and available to perform many different tasks within the store during each shift. The KSAOs would include the ability to learn quickly, strong interpersonal skills, the ability to work as part of a team, and the ability to build relationships. (â€Å"Barista,† 2013)

Humans Screwed Up essays

Humans Screwed Up essays PEOPLE ARE THE MOST DISGUSTING CREATURES ON THE FACE OF THE EARTH. YET WE ARE CLASSIFIED AS ANIMALS. ANIMALS, IN THE SENSE THAT WE TEND TO THINK OF THEM IN, AS NON-HUMAN ANIMALS, ARE BEAUTIFUL WHERE WE COULD NEVER BE. HUMANS ARE THE ONLY ANIMALS THAT TRULY ALTER THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND MAKE THEMSELVES A COMPLETELY ARTIFICIAL LIVING SPACE. WE PAVE OVER OUR FIELDS AND PLOW DOWN OUT FORESTS. WE PILLAGE THE WORLD THAT WE MUST LIVE IN AND ESSENTIALLY TURN IT INTO A CEMENT AND TAR WASTELAND. PEOPLE KILL FOR NO REASON AND COMMIT MURDER, EVEN UNTO THEIR OWN KIND. ANIMALS ON THE OTHER HAND SIMPLY LIVE. THEY CONSUME ONLY WHAT THEY MUST TO SURVIVE AND THEY LEAVE THE REST ALONE. A LION THAT ISNT HUNGRY, FOR EXAMPLE, WONT KILL. ANIMALS MAY BUILD HOMES, BUT THEY ARE BIODEGRADABLE HOMES THAT DONT CLUTTER AND DESTROY THE LANDSCAPE. ANIMALS LIVE IN PEACE AND HARMONY AND THEY NATURALLY BALANCE EACH OTHER OUT. THERE IS A CIRCLE OF LIFE THAT WOULD BE MUCH MORE CIRCULAR IF HUMANS WERENT THERE TO STRETCH IT AND MOLD IT TO SUIT OUR FANCY. THE HUMAN IS BLOODTHIRSTY, IT DESTROYS ITS SURROUNDINGS AND EVENTUALLY ITSELF, AND YET WE CLAIM TO BE THE INTELLIGENT LIFE FORMS OF THE PLANET. THE GIFT OF A LARGER BRAIN CAPACITY HAS TURNED OUT TO BE A PANDORAS BOX, WE USE IT BECAUSE WE CANT HELP IT, AND IT CAUSES NO GOOD. MAYBE IT IS THAT THE CAPACITY TO THINK HASNT BEEN USED ENOUGH. OR PERHAPS IT IS THAT PEOPLE CANT THINK ANYMORE WHEN THEY LIVE IN AN ENVIRONMENT THAT THINKS FOR THEM. IT SEEMS THAT THE GIFTS GIVEN TO US HAVE CAUSED US TO BE CORRUPT DESTROYERS OF ALL LIFE. HUMANS COULD TURN AROUND AND BE THE FORCE THAT SAVES LIFE IF WE COULD CARE JUST A LITTLE BIT MORE AND THINK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT WE CREATE AND WHAT EFFECT IT WILL HAVE. IF WE COULD CONSIDER THE LYNX THAT PATROLS THE WOODS AND RELIES ON THE SMALLER LIFE THEN MAYBE WE WOULD NOT BUILD A ROAD THERE WHERE POLLUTANTS AND TRAFFIC CAN KILL ALL ...

Employment Helicopter In The Indian Armed Forces Management Essays

Employment Helicopter In The Indian Armed Forces Management Essays Employment Helicopter In The Indian Armed Forces Management Essay Employment Helicopter In The Indian Armed Forces Management Essay Jointery encapsulates the ways and agencies by which military forces enhances joint operations, efficaciously synchronising the activities of the sea, land and air, constantly as portion of a transnational force, each to play to its peculiar strengths Joint Doctrine Team, British Joint Services Command and Staff College ( JSCSC ) 1. Higher Directives. The employment of military assets is based on a higher directive made by the authorities. The Union War Book is one such papers which provides the guidelines in footings of the functions of each service. The overall duty for air defense mechanism of the state is vested with the IAF as per the Union War Book and applies clearly to the radio detection and ranging web, surface to air systems and combatant undertakings thereof[ 1 ]. The war book nevertheless does non clarify the envisaged employability of the conveyance and chopper fleet towards protecting the sovereignty of the state. The employment of these assets has been included in the Air Force philosophy and their acquisition thereof is planned on this footing. The conveyance aircraft are being centrally controlled at the highest possible nevertheless the chopper assets due to their versatility are being controlled at the bid and tactical degree. This type of control nevertheless frequently leads to a percept ual experience of mis/underutilization of these assets by the other services for whom they are often tasked. In add-on a deficiency of wide guidelines on the employment of the chopper assets available with all military and civil bureaus has lead to patch meal procurance and uneffective use particularly during times of crisis like catastrophe alleviation. 2. Though the demand of the IAF as an independent entity has been established in the range, the function of its chopper fleet and efficaciousness in back uping the surface forces as an built-in but foreign arm has to be studied before any judgement on its ownership can be passed. The ground forces air power is besides actively employed in augmenting the IAF choppers. In some instances the ground forces air power has been more effectual than their IAF counterparts largely due to handiness and acquaintance with the land operations. Hence the efficaciousness of the IAF choppers in support of the land forces is frequently questioned. This has led to fierce fanatism, leaching finally to the lowest degree, as a consequence of the inherent aptitude of guarding 1s ain sod kicking in[ 2 ]. Unfortunately this has non benefitted the joint capacity edifice of the chopper fleet of the Indian armed forces. Furthermore, the chopper assets have been distributed to provide for the specific service de mands and are employed in their specific functions. The chopper strength and functions in brief are discussed below for all the three services to. Indian Air Force The IAF has near to 340 choppers of assorted beginning and another 96 ( 59 M17 A ; V5, 22 AH64D and 15 CH47F ) to be procured from outside the state, in add-on to the 62 ( 37 ALH Mk III/IV A ; 25 LCH ) to be the produced indigenously[ 3 ]. The older choppers like the Mi-8 and Chetak are likely to be replaced by modern-day choppers like the Eurocopter Fennec and Mi-17V5. The Mi-8 is besides being replaced for its VVIP function by the Augusta Westland EH101. These choppers are being used in support of the surface forces in assorted functions. The IAF choppers are being used to regularly in support of the ground forces involved in contending terrorists in the northern and naxals in the cardinal part. Additionally the IAF assets are besides being used to keep their stations in the inhospitable terrain of the northern and eastern parts. These choppers carry out peace clip and back up operations like Casualty Evacuation, Search and Rescue, Route Transport Role, etc, and can besides be employed in violative or war clip functions which include Particular Heli Borne Operations ( SHBO ) , Suppression of Enemy Air Defence ( SEAD ) and Battlefield Air Strikes ( BAS ) missions. Indian Army s Aviation Corp. In 1984, the Indian Army s Northern Command inducted the HAL Cheetah into the Siachen Glacier. The temerarious pilots were put to the ultimate trial professionally and besides in footings of human endurance. In 1986, the Air Observation Post units were transferred from the Air Force to the Army to organize the Army Aviation subdivision[ 4 ].A Thereafter the ground forces air power assets have seen extended deployment in cragged and high height terrain for over the crest line observation for reconnaissance by field commanding officers, way of heavy weapon fire and rapid move of commanding officers to the forward stations which are hard to entree, make handiness of choppers a necessity. Speedy casualty emptying from unaccessible countries, both in war and peace conditions, needed rotary wing attempt near by and on call. Hence, a demand was felt for a dedicated air power attempt for every Infantry/Mountain Division[ 5 ]. The corp operates with about 158 he lciopters which include the Advance Light Helicopter ( ALH ) , Chetak and Cheetah Helicopter[ 6 ]. The Army now wants one onslaught chopper squadron ( 10-12 choppers ) for its three work stoppage formations 1 Corps ( Mathura ) , 2 Corps ( Ambala ) and 21 Corps ( A Bhopal ) in maintaining with their primary violative function. Furthermore, it has programs to invest another 114 Rudra visible radiation combat choppers for the 10 pivot corps[ 7 ]. The Army is acute to spread out its AAC and is investing pilots and applied scientists on a lasting footing into this arm. Indian Navy Air Arm. TheA Indian Naval Air Arm, formulated in 1953, A is a subdivision ofA Indian NavyA which is tasked to supply an aircraft bearer based work stoppage capableness, fleet air defense mechanism, nautical reconnaissance, and anti-submarine warfare. IT operates near to 108 helciopters like the Sea King, Ka-28/31, ALH, Chetak amongst others[ 8 ]. These choppers are stationed in the assorted Naval Air Bases and positioned on the ships as per demands. However, non all types of ships in the Indian Navy can run with these choppers. While the larger ships like the fleet oilers, destroyers and the frigates are capable of runing all the IN choppers, the smaller ships like the corvettes and the patrol vass are limited to runing with the light choppers like the Chetak or the ALH. On the other manus the Amphibious Warfare Vessels like INS Jalashwa and the Aircraft bearers are capable of runing with heavier choppers than those presently with the Indian Navy[ 9 ]. The Indian Navy be sides intents to augment its chopper fleet by command for the extremely powerful NH-90 chopper which has a multi function and multi mission capableness. 4. It is evident that the air arm of the Army and the Navy are being augmented to provide for service specific demands. However, this attack has lead to patch repast procurances which lacks the kernel of jointry in it. Hence, the hurdlings to accomplishing a genuinely joint capableness will hold to be overcome when set against the inevitable fiscal and resource restraint and the inactiveness inherent in our individual service ethos and preparation[ 10 ]. Chapter III Current Training STRUCTURE OF HELICOPTER PILOTS Organize as we intend to run and develop as we intend to contend Royal air force Warfare Centre 1. Joint preparation of forces is the most of import tool to guarantee synergism in functionality and procedure. Since independency the three services have grown and developed their preparation substructure as per their perceived operational and preparation demands. This has in some instances been created at great cost even though the equipment is similar[ 11 ]. The Kargil Committee Report therefore recommended that a survey be ordered to look at the optimisation of training resources among the three services. As per the commission, a feasibleness survey of transporting out joint preparation in those countries common to all three services should hold been worked out. However, the commission restricted its recommendations providing for the sensitivenesss of three services. Hence their appraisal was restricted to commit preparation and ignored the operational articulation preparation facets. Hence, though the Chetak is the common basic chopper preparation aircraft for all three servi ces, they have established different preparation centres for the basic preparation of their air crew. The pros and cons of this sort of set up are discussed below: Professionals. ( I ) Service Specific Training and Assessment. Each service has specific and alone demands from its pilots which guides its developing Standard Operating Procedures ( SOP s ) . The naval forces would anticipate the pilot to be more comfy with instrument winging and usage of the Radio Altimeter ( RADALT ) for measuring position, while the IAF teacher in the absence of an altimeter, enterprises to instill the visual winging wonts in his trainees. Hence, the appraisal standards would of course be varied for all the three services. A service specific preparation Centre would hence be the natural pick, even though the chopper developing facets between the ground forces and air force could do combined preparation academy a executable option, the lone difference being that the Army besides trains on the Cheetah chopper. ( two ) Maintenance and Administration. A joint preparation Centre of this nature and size would imply feverish care and administrative activities. With the absence of a joint logistics or developing bid these facets are likely to endure as the distribution of responsibilities to the three services would a moot point due to miss of legal power of a service specific bid on the other services. The OEM support nevertheless, would be more extroverted as the Chetak aircraft is overhauled for all the three services by the Hindustan Aeronautical Limited ( HAL ) ( three ) Irrelevance of Coordination. Since there is no joint preparation it is obvious that no coordination required between the officer developing academies of the three services. Since the bing system of single preparation bids is non contributing for joint preparation, this type of set up is preferred. Cons. The inauspicious effects of service specific preparation is more apparent in the ulterior old ages of service of an person as an out semen of the facets discussed below. Lack of Exposure. The pilots though winging the same machine have limited cognition about the extra functions in which the same chopper is being employed. This compartmentalisation in the formulative old ages leads to limited apprehension of the complete capableness of the aircraft. An IAF pilot is non exposed to the challenges of deck landing which could greatly better his winging accomplishments, the same manner a naval pilot would profit by set downing in high height helipads. Restrictions on Op Roles. As an result of the deficiency of exposure and limited cognition of the chopper restricts the imaginativeness of the pilots particularly as staff assignment which finally leads to restriction on the functions the aircraft is perceived to be capable of. The limitation on individual pilot operations in the ( ALH ) despite its capableness is one such illustration. Turf Issues. Since the pilots of the three services winging the same chopper have neither undergone the same initial degree nor advanced operational preparation they carry misplaced perceptual experience an thoughts of the others capableness. This perceptual experience if carried frontward into the senior degrees leads to turf wars, which has inauspicious branchings on the joint capableness of the services. 2. Both the ground forces and the naval pilots are voluntaries who leave their chief steam responsibilities for air power. The ground forces has late started investing officers straight into the AAC due to the increased demand for choppers. The officers who were sidelined while being the air power cell would now are able to come on in their calling even as a pilot. The mainstream officers of both the services at times hold biass against the air power subdivision due to miss of apprehension of their operation. These biass do be even within the IAF nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exhibits itself subdivision specific and swift wise. Since the AAC merely has choppers their pilots are trained straight on the Chetak at the Basic Flying Training School ( BFTS ) Allahabad, Combat Army Aviation Training School ( CATS ) , Nashik and Rotary Wing Academy ( RWA ) , Bangalore. The first being run by the aIAF, the 2nd by the Army and the RWA is a civil winging school run by HAL. The Navy and the Air Force trainees are trificated into the combatant, conveyance and chopper watercourse after the first semester of winging developing on the basic trainer. While the naval conveyance and combatant trainees get trained by the air force, the chopper pilots proceed along with the Coast Guard trainees, for a six months developing to their Helicopter Training School ( HTS ) at INS Rajali, Arakkonam. The chopper pilots of IAF undergo phase I developing in HTS, Hakimpet, followed by phase II preparation either at Yelahanka on the Mi- 8 or in HTS itself. Stage III preparation is carried out at the several units later, though finally it will be conducted in a Mi-17V5 preparation squadron being set up at Air Force Station, Sarsawa. It is apparent hence that the IAF has dedicated assets and manpower to guarantee effectual and efficient basic and operational preparation of its chopper pilots. This would guarantee that a pilot is conflict ready when he reaches an operational squadron and the limited attempt is spent towards his transition. However, despite all this attempt the joint facet of operational preparation is still found wanting. The advantages of initial joint preparation has been expressed by General Henry Viccellio, US Air Froce, The advantage of inter services initial skill developing include take downing costs as redundancies are reduced, downsizing the overall substructure, furthering squad work and fostering jointness by exposing pupils to interservice duologue early in their callings[ 12 ] . Chapter IV Consequence OF APACHE ATTACK AND CHINOOK HEAVY LIFT HELICOPTER ON FUTURE INTEGRATED THEATRE BATTLES At higher degrees of war, success is largely a map of planning and allotment forces and resources to missions -Gen Robert.W. RisCassi US Army The Apache AH-64D and Chinook CH-47F choppers have been selected through a competitory command procedure as the hereafter onslaught and heavy lift helicopter severally to be procured by the IAF. These choppers have been used extensively during the Iraq and Afghanistan struggles. It is pertinent to observe that these machines have been often upgraded since their initial initiation to integrate the latest technological promotion in them. To be able to analyze the consequence that these machines would hold on the hereafter integrated conflict environment we need to cognize its capablenesss in comparing to the such type of choppers already bing with the IAF. A table comparing the public presentation informations of the Apache with the Mi-35 NPS and the Chinook with the Mi-26T is placed below to supply an penetration into their capablenesss. The Chinook is a 25 Ton category tandem rotor chopper and can non be compared with any other production chopper as it is the lone one of its weight c ategory. However, comparing based on public presentation can be made to some extent with the 34 ton category CH-53E super Stallion and the 55 ton category Mi-26T, as these autumn under the class of Heavy Lift Helicopters ( HLH ) . HLH can be considered as those choppers capable of raising more than 10 dozenss. Though there are other choppers like the Pave Low and Sea Stallion ( both CH-53 discrepancies ) which are of 20 ton category, they can non be considered as heavy lift due to their utile burden bound of lone 3-5 dozenss like IAF s Mi-8/17/17IV/V5. The Apache is a province of the art chopper with the latest avionics and weapon systems incorporated in it. Though it can non be compared to the aging Mi-35 Gunship, it is of import to measure the quantum leap in combat potency that will be accrued with the initiation of the Apache chopper. These comparings are generic to the type of chopper and there would be seeable differences between the discrepancies chiefly in avionics and arm s ystems. Table 1. Comparison Between Present and Future Heavy Lift and Attack Helicopters of the IAF. Chinook[ 13 ] Mi-26T[ 14 ] Apache[ 15 ] Mi-35NPS*[ 16 ] Numbers built 1,200 ( Approx ) Military Operators 21 Cost Approx US $ 40 Million Crew: A 3 ( pilot, co-pilot, flight applied scientist ) Capacity: 33-55 troopsA or 24 litters and 3 attenders 28,000A pound ( 12,700A kilogram ) lading Length: A 30.1A m Rotor diameter: A 18.3A m Height: A 5.7A m Disc country: A 260A M2 Empty weight: A 23,400A pound ( 10,185A kilogram ) Max. takeoff weight: A 50,000A pound ( 22,680A kilogram ) Powerplant: A 2X3,631A kilowatt Maximal velocity: A 315A kilometers per hour Cruise velocity: A 240A kilometers per hour Scope: A 741A kilometer ( extendible to 1400km with Auxiliary armored combat vehicles ) Service ceiling: A 18,500A foot ( 5,640A m ) Disc burden: A 9.5A lb/ft2A ( 47A kg/m2 ) Numbers built 320 ( Approx ) Military Operators 13 Cost Approx US $ 44 Million ( T2 Variant ) Crew: A Five- 2 pilots, 1 sailing master, 1 flight applied scientist, 1 flight technician ( Mi-26T2 besides requires 3 crew ) Capacity: 90 troopsA orA 60 stretchers 20,000 kilogram lading ( 44,090 pound ) Length: A 40.025 m Rotor diameter: A 32.00m Height: A 8.145 m Disc country: A 804.25A m2A Empty weight: A 28,200 kilogram ( 62,170 pound ) Max. takeoff weight: A 56,000 kilogram ( 123,450 pound ) Powerplant: A 2X8,500kW Maximal velocity: A 295 kilometers per hour Cruise velocity: A 255 kilometers per hour Scope: A 1,920 kilometer ( with subsidiary armored combat vehicles ) Service ceiling: A 4,600 m ( 15,100 foot ) Disc burden: 14.5A lb/ft2 ( 71.7 kg/mA? ) A Numbers built 1,200 ( Approx ) Military Operators 12 Cost Approx US $ 20 Million Crew: A 2 ( pilot, and co-pilot/gunner ) Length: A 17.73 m Rotor diameter: A 14.63 m Height: A 12.7 foot ( 3.87 m ) Disc country: A 168.11 mA? Empty weight: A 11,387 pound ( 5,165 kilogram ) Max. takeoff weight: A 23,000 pound ( 10,433 kilogram ) Powerplant: A 2X1,490 kilowatt Maximal velocity: A 293 kilometers per hour Cruise velocity: A 265 kilometers per hour Scope: A 476 kilometer Service ceiling: A 21,000 foot ( 6,400 m ) Disc burden: A 9.80 lb/ftA? ( 47.9 kg/mA? ) Numbers built 2,300 Mi-24 ( Approx ) Military Operators 50 Cost Approx US $ 20 Million Crew: A 2-3: pilot, arms system officer and technician ( optional ) Capacity: A 8 military personnels or 4 stretchers Length: A 17.5 m Rotor diameter: A 17.3 m Height: A 6.5 m ( 21 ft 3 in ) Disc country: A 235 mA? Empty weight: A 8,500 kilogram ( 18,740 pound ) Max. takeoff weight: A 12,000 kilogram ( 26,500 pound ) Powerplant: A 2X1,600kW Maximal velocity: A 335 kilometers per hour Cruise Speed: 270 kilometers per hour Scope: A 450 kilometer Service ceiling: A 4,500 m ( 14,750 foot ) Disc burden: A 10.4 lb/ftA? ( 51 kg/mA? ) * Specs for Mi-24 of which Mi-35 is a discrepancy with an attention deficit disorder on Night Packaging System ( NPS ) Table 2. Comparison Between Apache and Mi-35 NPS Armament. Apache Mi-35 NPS Armament Guns: A 1A-A 30 mmA ( 1.18 A in ) A M230 Chain GunA with 1,200 unit of ammunitions as portion of theA Area Weapon Subsystem Hardpoints: A Four pylon Stationss on the stub wings. Longbows besides have a station on each wingtip for an AIM-92 ATAS twin missile battalion. Rockets: A Hydra 70A 70 millimeter, andA CRV7A 70 millimeter air-to-surface projectiles Missiles: A TypicallyA AGM-114 HellfireA discrepancies ; A AIM-92 StingerA may besides be carried. Avionicss Lockheed MartinA /A Northrop GrummanA AN/APG-78A LongbowA fire-control radio detection and ranging Armament Guns 1 x 12.7 mm Yakushev-BorzovA Yak-BA Gatling gunA on most discrepancies. Maximum of 1,470 unit of ammunitions of ammo. Hardpoints: Four pylon Stationss on the stub wings. Wing-tip pylons can merely transport theA 9K114 ShturmA complex. UPK-23-250 gunpod transporting theA GSh-23L can be carried here. Rockets: B-8V20 a lightweight long tubed chopper version of theA S-8 rocketA launcher and S-24A 240 millimeter projectile Missiles: 9K114 ShturmA in braces on the outer and wingtip pylons Avionicss Radio bid linkA for the Shturm missile Heavy Lift Helicopter Comparisons The tabular array provides a statistical input on the capablenesss of the Chinook in comparing to the Mi-26 wherein its deficiency in its lift and scope capableness. However, certain qualitative facets of winging which are frequently evaluated by nipple pilots universe over called Handling Quality Requirements ( HQRs ) , clearly define the restriction of every machine in transporting out a peculiar undertaking. The Chinook is likely the lone chopper of its category to be able to carryout the pinnacle bead of military personnels and lading. This is a manoeuvre wherein the rear wheels of the chopper are in contact with the land while the forepart wheels are in air. It is by and large carried out when there is deficient set downing infinite for the chopper. The Chinook besides has the tandem burden transporting capacity wherein a heavy burden can be picked up as under slung lading by two Chinooks at the same time. The Chinook besides has the alone ternary hook characteristic enabling it to drop three different burden carried underslung to three different locations without set downing. Though the Chinook can at best carry merely half the weight carried by the Mi-26, it can guarantee that this burden can be dropped at the most inhospitable terrains without necessitating any extra substructure. This is why the Chinook is capable of transporting out SHBO operations like Small Team Insertion and Extraction ( STIE ) and halocasting unlike the Mi-26. 3. Due to its limited phonograph record burden, the downwash of the Chinook is minimum, giving it the capableness to run from Forward Area Refueling and Rearming Points ( FARRPs ) in the comeuppances and from Indian Navy ships like INS Jalashwa. These choppers are besides capable of pull outing Particular Forces in their rubberized boats from a H2O organic structure, a manoeuvre non possible on other choppers. The tolerance to traverse air currents due to its tandem rotors provides it huge manoeuvrability at low velocities and high denseness heights. The Chinook besides carries the similar lading burden as the Mi-26 at heights in surplus of 3 kilometers. With this public presentation and the pinnacle bead capableness this chopper has many assuring functions in the mountains in support of the ground forces. The Chinook is a alone chopper with really good developed Digital Automatic Flight Control System ( DAFEX ) which makes it really comfy to manage. Hence the Chinook chopper can be exploited in more ways than the Mi-26 in varied terrain of the Indian bomber continent and along with the Indian Navy ships. The CH-47G version of the Chinook is capable of transporting out Air to Air refueling from a C-130 oiler, nevertheless, neither of these have been contracted by the IAF. The ability to widen its scopes with air to air refueling will supply an expeditionary potency to our heli-lift capableness and may be considered if the political will and sagacity along with a alteration in mentality across the national security landscape occurs[ 17 ]. The scopes can presently be extended utilizing the Extended Range Fuel Tanks ( ERFS ) internally. The Chinook can besides be air transported on the C-17 Globemaster conveyance aircraft, shortly to be inducted into the IAF, giving the flexibleness to deploy these aircraft in far of parts in a short notice. Attack Helicopter Comparison 4. The Mi-35 was foremost inducted into active service in the twelvemonth 1972 as the Mi-24 while the Apache saw active service in 1983as AH-64A. The difference in vintage is apparent in the assorted systems and technological constructs which have been introduced in the Apache. Though the Mi-35 has been upgraded with the Night Package System ( NPS ) its public presentation and capableness do non fit that of the AH-64D. The AH-64D Longbow Apache is a remanufactured and upgraded version of the AH-64A Apache onslaught chopper. The primary alterations to the Apache are the add-on of a millimeter-wave Fire Control Radar ( FCR ) mark acquisition system, the fire-and-forget Longbow Hellfire air-to-ground missile, updated T700-GE-701C engines, and a fully-integrated cockpit. In add-on, the aircraft receives improved survivability, communications, and pilotage capablenesss. Three Apache choppers can be transported at any given clip in one C-17 Globemaster. The aircraft is besides capable of b eing transported and airdock stored below decks in the landing platform chopper ( LPH ) type bearer, Fast SeaLift ships, Roll-on/Roll-off dry lading ships which provides it the marine capableness in comparing to the Mi-35. The Apache with a service ceiling of 6.4 kilometer promises to present even in the high height trains in the North and the North East sectors. 5. The Apache features a Target Acquisition Designation Sight ( TADS ) and a Pilot Night Vision Sensor ( PNVS ) which enables the crew to voyage and carry on preciseness onslaughts in twenty-four hours, dark and inauspicious conditions conditions. The Apache can transport up to 16 Hellfire optical maser designated missiles. With a scope of over 8000 metres, the Hellfire is used chiefly for the devastation of armored combat vehicles, armoured vehicles and other difficult stuff marks like Radars. The AN/APG-78 FCR is a multi-mode Millimeter Wave ( MMW ) detector integrated on the Apache Longbow with the aerial and sender located above the aircraft chief rotor caput. It enhances Longbow system capablenesss by supplying rapid automatic sensing, categorization, and prioritization of multiple land and air marks. The radio detection and ranging provides this capableness in inauspicious conditions and under battleground obscurants[ 18 ]. This system gives the fire and bury capableness to th e chopper unlike the Mi-35 wherein the mark has to be contacted till the terminal phases of the missile. The scopes of the Apache can be improved utilizing the ERFS externally which is another characteristic non available in the Mi-35. Ferry ranges upto 1900km can be achieved with this system. The Apache 64D longbow is considered as one of the most powerful onslaught choppers in the universe today. Its base off capableness along with its enhanced survivability characteristics and rate of accurate fire would enable it to be used in multiple terrain and swing function missions with comparative easiness. These machines can besides be upgraded to command Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ( UAV ) platforms utilizing the onboard communicating system and is being tested and developed in the US. Theatre Battles of the Future 4. It is of import for us to understand the nature of future wars so as be prepared to contend from a place of advantage. It is emphasized in all military forums that joint operations are the non an algebraic amount of all the capablenesss of different constituents of military power but a means to accomplish exponential growing in combat power. However, each sort of war requires a different intervention which might necessitate a specialised preparation. There are assorted factors like International Relations, Economic factors and Human Resources which play an of import function in the result of any state of affairs[ 19 ]. The military must now be ready to project the needed degree of disincentive or force in required to accomplish the ultimate aim set by the political Masterss in an theater of conflict. There are besides military jussive moods which that define the restrictions in war like Nuclear Weapons and other military factors like political, economical and technological restrai nts[ 20 ]. Hence theatre conflicts of the hereafter are traveling to be governed by assorted factors based on the lessons drawn from wars in the past five decennaries and these are discussed below and all these point towards an integrated environment. Nature of Warfare. The Arab-Israeli wars of 1956, 1967, 1973 and 1982 were limited extremely intense and conventional. It clearly came out signifier these struggles that lack of coherence and synergism would finally take to uneffective and sometimes negative use of assets towards advancement of operation. This was apparent in the figure of aircraft lost to ain fire by the Egyptians in 1973. This was besides experienced in the Vietnam War wherein the jobs of each service running its ain air war in its theater became apparent when the control of the US air attempt was disastrously disconnected[ 21 ]. The United States made some corrections in the first Gulf War but still lost two onslaught choppers due to ain combatant aircraft fire. Subsequently, it has laid great accent on joint operations and developing for any spectrum of war or struggle. Today modern warfare has been characterized by joint expeditionary operations of one or more states[ 22 ], and if India intends to protect its st rategic involvements in other states it requires geting such capablenesss of its armed forces. Both the Chinook and the Apache have the capableness to be used in an expeditionary environment as proved in past struggles universe over. Technological Changes. Though the Indian armed forces are be aftering towards being a Capacity based force over a menace based one, it is but impossible to accomplish this position without the ability to manage the available engineering to accommodate 1s demand. This is the lone economical option for any Indian armed forces for merely in crisis do guns be given to outrank fat bags [ 23 ]and the India political category does non comprehend any crisis. The demand for integrating of latest engineering in all three weaponries is felt to rid of the projection of contradictory demands by the three services in their readying and behavior of modern wars[ 24 ]. This integrating needs to be encouraged at the tactical degree by carry oning regular joint preparation plans like in the HLH and Attack chopper. This is specially applicable in the instance of new choppers being procured for the IAF, wherein pilots of all three forces must be able to improvize its use so as to guarantee its optimal us e. Such a plan is being under taken in the signifier of the Joint Transport Rotorcraft ( JTR )

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Nursing - Nursing Leadership - Research Paper Example It is about understanding the context in which a specific healthcare service is delivered. It may not be exactly about having a solid vision, but still it does involve having a nascent idea as to how things ought to be. It definitely involves having the ability to connect to other people. When one analyzes these salient attributes of nursing leadership, the one name that propitiously comes to my mind is that of Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale not only revolutionized the nursing practices as they existed in her times, but also happened to be an instrument of change. Comparing oneself with such a leadership icon is indeed humbling. Still, on doing so I have realized that I do share some attributes with Florence Nightingale, while I need to strive hard to muster some other attributes ascribed to this great nursing leader. Florence Nightingale as a Nursing Leader The one attribute of Florence Nightingale was that she came into nursing with a sense of passion. She happened to be from a well to do family and could have opted for some easy life by marrying into a status family as her family wanted her to do (Donahue, 2007, p. 199). However, contrary to this, Florence decided to be a nurse at the age of twenty five. There is no denying the fact that Florence’s choice of a career was imbued with a sense of purpose, a marked sense of direction and a passion for doing something extraordinary in the career she choose. For Florence, it was not about doing something great, but rather about doing little things with great love. That is indeed true that Florence Nightingale was a luminary and it is not possible for every nurse to achieve that exalted level of vision and purpose, still, considering the present state of healthcare, one indeed pines for that level of passion and zeal in the nursing services. The other big thing about Florence was tha t she had a clear cut sense of how things were at her times and how they should have been. In the Crimean War, Florence, though still lacking much serious experience, was appalled by the circumstances at the hospital at Scutari (Donahue, 2007, p. 201). In fact, learning from such experience, when Florence proposed for change in the way military hospitals were run and managed, she witnessed a stiff resistance from most of the health care personnel deployed in the military hospitals (Donahue, 2007, p. 202). I intensely believe that no matter how inexperienced a nurse happens to be, still every health care professional has an innate sense of how the things should be, at least a vague idea. In that context, Florence Nightingale not only served as a leader who acted as an instrument of change, but also played a pivotal role in the management and administration of change. With little hope of help from the military establishment, Florence

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Birmingham City Council v Abdulla & Others - Case Study Example The actual case to be determined by the Supreme Court was not whether the plaintiffs should be paid the equal pay claims they were seeking from the Birmingham City Council; rather, it was purely a case of jurisdiction. In the case that was presented before the high court, former employees of Birmingham the City Council were demanding to be paid equal employment claims after realizing that some of their ex-colleagues had been compensated for the same by the council (Old Square Chambers, 2012). However, while the claims that the former employees were raising could be genuine and valid, the legal issue that arises in the case is that by the time they realized that their ex-colleagues had been compensated for the equal pay claims, it was already too late since 6 months had expired. The law pertaining to this situation provides that a claimant has 6 months to present their employment claims to the Employment Tribunal from the date of the wrongdoing by the employer, after which such claims would not be admissible to the Tribunal (Honeyball, 2012, p. 47). However, the same law provides that the claimants have up to 6 years to present any claim to the civil courts, from the date of a wrongful act. Therefore, finding that their claim could not be admitted by the Employment Tribunal, the claimants presented the case before a civil court. In return, the Birmingham City Council filed a response to the court seeking to have the case struck out of the civil court, on the basis that such a case was better dealt with by the Employment Tribunal, as opposed to the civil court (Old Square Chambers, 2012). The high court upheld that the case could be heard by the civil court since its circumstances did not qualify the exceptional circumstances against which a case could be struck out of the civil court and be referred to the Employment Tribunal. The defendant, in this case, the Birmingham City Council, filed an appeal regarding the high court decision, which was also rejected by t he Court of Appeal, which held the same ruling that the Supreme Court had given. It is upon the rejection of the appeal by the Court of Appeal that Birmingham the City Council filed the case for determination by the Supreme Court, so that the Supreme Court could determine whether the case could be struck out of the civil court and referred back to the Employment Tribunal (Honeyball, 2012, p. 47). Facts of the Case The case Birmingham City Council v Abdulla & Others [2012] is a case falling under the employment law, specifically under the Equality Act 2010, which provides that both the male and female workers shall be compensated the same for the services they deliver to an employer, which requires similar efforts and for which similar qualifications are required (Barnard & Hepple, 2004, p. 22). According to this act, if a woman’s contract is based on no less favorable terms compared to those of men, and the woman does the same roles and she is in the same employment, terms of equality should be applied for both men and women (Hepple, 2011, p. 54). However previously, the employer, in this case, the Birmingham City Council, had not compensated both women and men equally for their contracts for which they delivered their services to the council.  

Business Analysis using PESTEL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Analysis using PESTEL - Essay Example The main part of the report has used PESTLE framework to identify the factors that are important to be considered by the electric car manufacturers. The listed factors are then classified as highly relevant and less relevant. An impact analysis is then performed on the highly relevant factors to arrive at the most important trend to be considered. The trends as identified by the impact analysis are Government spending, Government deficit, Economic Growth, Research spending, Innovations, Safety regulations and Environmental awareness. Based on the analysis of the above factors, it is identified that the main opportunity for the electric car companies in the next 5 years is the increased environmental awareness among the people. Similarly, the main threat for electric car markets is the uncertainty about government policies. Sl. No. Topic Page No. 1 Introduction 4 - 5 2 Main body 2.1 PESTLE Analysis 2.2 Analysis of four trends 6 – 10 10 – 15 3 Conclusion 15 – 16 1. Introduction Developing a powerful battery for electric cars is a challenging task for all electric car manufacturers due to the various challenges associated with it. Those main challenges will be discussed here in this report. The topic is â€Å"A new type of battery that can extend the range of electric cars between charges from about 100 miles to about 500 miles.† This study will deal specifically about the electric car market in UK. The various aspects that are relating to the UK car market are dealt in detail in this report. The objective of the study is to identify and analyse the four key factors that are important for the electric car market in UK. A very comprehensive PESTLE analysis is done in order to identify the key factors affecting the UK electric car segment. Before getting into the core area, it is important to have an idea about the UK electric car market. British automobile industry is one of the most established and fastest growing automobile industries in the world. UK shows good growth figures for all car segments. The trend until some years back has been the small car segment. But now, the trend is getting shifted to the electric cars irrespective of whether it is big or small. The main motivating factors for such a shift in trend is the continued awareness regarding the ill effects caused by vehicle emissions and the low cost of operations. Due to this high potential that exists in the region, companies from across the world are targeting to introduce electric cars for the UK market. This is evident from the fact that the even the super luxury car maker Rolls Royce will unveil the electric version of their Phantom in the 2011 Geneva Motor Show. As of 2008 electric cars represented around 0.004 percent of cars on the UK roads. The committee on climate change then expected this figure to reach around 40 percent by 2020. (Webster, 2008) (Ref. 1). The following chart gives the electric car growth estimate by region. (Reed, 2010) (R ef 22) To make things easier for the car manufacturers as well as the potential buyers, the UK Government is very keen on supporting the segment through their subsidy programme and other policies. The government has planned to provide subsidy of up to ?5000 to those who acquire an electric car in future. (House of Commons, Page 40) (Ref. 2) But when it comes to the sales of electric cars, government support is not the only factor that works out. The practicality of the car is the most important success

Consumer Attitude Moulding for Korean car Imports in Australian Market Essay

Consumer Attitude Moulding for Korean car Imports in Australian Market - Essay Example ative characteristics, here the attitude hierarchy would be cognitive then affect, how the consumer feels or first chose emotional then rational, you will not act on it before you go through a cognitive and emotional process (Foxall, 2002). You will make sure that you look at as many features as possible and go through intense emotional processes, instead of depending on your mood while looking at a car. For example if you have a family you will consider a mini-van over a convertible because of the added benefits and features, you will then see if you will enjoy the car, how will your family like it is it giving you the satisfaction you want, and then you will finally decide on the connotation, whether you want to buy it or not. This goes for all products that require high involvement of the consumer. (Windham & Orton, 2000) As a strategic Marketing manager for a new line of South Korean cars in Australia I have to consider many things about the product. As a Strategic Marketing Manager I should have in-depth knowledge of competitive dynamics and how to integrate marketing strategy into the overall business strategy, I should be able to develop Frameworks for analyzing customer preferences and enhancing customer relationships and should be able to Build and manage brand equity with effective market communication. (Chernev, 2007) (Stanford, 2008) Hyundai and its auxiliary Kia are currently the 7th largest car group in the world, just after companies like GM, Ford, Toyota, Renault-Nissan, Volkswagen and DaimlerChrysler. It is also one of the fastest rising companies and a formidable rival to Western car makers. With the benefits such as low labour and parts cost in Korea and the government’s policies that favour the car industry, Hyundai and Kia are able to price their cars much cheaper and at an affordable cost than Western and Japanese cars. At the same time, the company has been able to improve its engineering and quality standard swiftly in recent years,

Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Question - Essay Example Naturalistic observation does not require active involvement with the environment from which the data is being collected from; the latter does. The second choice is the period of observation. The observation can be carried out once or repeated for a number of times. The third choice pertains to data recording method. The data can be recorded or notes short notes taken as the data is gathered. Observation can also be done and the data computed after the observation process. The fourth choice relates to the scope of observation. The observation can be done on a single environment that best treats the variables of the data being gathered, or a number of environments can be integrated into the observation process. Another choice is made on the variables to be observed at a go. Observation can be done at once for all the variables constituted in the data gathering procedure, or observation data for each variable be considered one at a time. The scale contains numerical values, but the importance of the scale is to gather data that is of importance over and above the numerical values. Descriptions of what the numbers mean are valuable to the respondent because it allows the respondent to express his or her true opinion in regard to the issue in question. Different respondents have different experiences and may not rate their experiences the same way. Outlining the meaning of the numbers identifies the respondent to each category of numbers given the response required. Purpose of the interview- The goal and objective of undertaking an interview determines the scope of the interview. All encompassed variables of the interview should be considered before the interview questions are developed. Phrasing questions- Questions should be direct to the main idea of the interview. Proper language should be used in regard to the identified participants. Simple questions are favorable, and each question should be asked

Develop a leadership plan for addressing the issue identified in the Research Paper

Develop a leadership plan for addressing the issue identified in the case study - Research Paper Example The downtown areas of Monson largely populated by local government and municipal buildings suffered heavy losses of government property owing to the large scale destruction of government buildings and offices. Apart from the large scale destruction of residential and government properties the central and downtown areas of Monson also suffered from potential damage of several commercial properties. Many business offices operating in such regions had to close down or were bound to switch over to other areas by opening up newer branches. It is observed that the downtown region of Monson which was once largely populated with trees now was completely barren after being heavily struck by the tornado. Large scale destruction of residential properties in the downtown region were observed after the tornado strike ruined around 290 houses thereby claiming both properties and lives in a devastating fashion. Thus, it is found that the region of Massachusetts became struck by a tornado of deadly potential. In the light of the above case the paper tends to evaluate the leadership issues in regards to the conduct of emergency operations to save both life and property and thereby in citing an effective plan to help enhance the efficiency of the emergency plans. For Massachusetts the year of 2011 was quite a disaster as the state was struck with one of the largest tornadoes across around 18 community regions that claimed around 550 lives and made a huge chunk of the population homeless (Town of Monson, 2011, p.1; Earth Observatory, 2011). A large number of faults were observed in regards to leadership issues to render effective emergency services to the victims of such tornado devastated regions. Firstly, it was observed that there were huge communication gaps between the government authorities and the agencies that were working to promote emergency related services. There were also communication gaps where the people pertaining to the agency operations

The Romantic Period Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Romantic Period - Research Paper Example According to the research "The Romantic Period" findings, romanticism and the Industrial Revolution deeply resemble each other both in their temporal boundaries and in their concerns.The romantic period is often said to have begun with a publishing event (the publication in 1798 of Lyrical Ballads and closed with a political event (the passage in 1832 of the Reform Bill) (Haywood & Leader 2). This conjunction is symptomatic of romantic studies' tendency to define romanticism as the intersection of an array of particular literary qualities (a shift in poetic diction, a concentration on the figure of the poet, a foregrounding of natural scenes, and so on) with a series of correspondent political events, particularly the French Revolution. Yet in yoking the literary primarily with the political, romanticists have generally overlooked other changes culture was undergoing at the time (Johnson 12-20).From 1750 to 1850, a number of events are highly familiar to romanticists for denoting imp ortant political events (the beginning of the French Revolution. the Terror, and the end of the Napoleonic Wars) (Jasper 34). By contrast, contemporaneous events in the history of technology are relatively unknown. Most romanticists have only passing knowledge of the technological achievements which arose at their period of study, romanticism and the Industrial Revolution deeply resemble each other both in their temporal boundaries and in their concerns. The Industrial Revolution was a fiction, one of the main discursive events of the nineteenth century.

Develop a leadership plan for addressing the issue identified in the Research Paper

Develop a leadership plan for addressing the issue identified in the case study - Research Paper Example The downtown areas of Monson largely populated by local government and municipal buildings suffered heavy losses of government property owing to the large scale destruction of government buildings and offices. Apart from the large scale destruction of residential and government properties the central and downtown areas of Monson also suffered from potential damage of several commercial properties. Many business offices operating in such regions had to close down or were bound to switch over to other areas by opening up newer branches. It is observed that the downtown region of Monson which was once largely populated with trees now was completely barren after being heavily struck by the tornado. Large scale destruction of residential properties in the downtown region were observed after the tornado strike ruined around 290 houses thereby claiming both properties and lives in a devastating fashion. Thus, it is found that the region of Massachusetts became struck by a tornado of deadly potential. In the light of the above case the paper tends to evaluate the leadership issues in regards to the conduct of emergency operations to save both life and property and thereby in citing an effective plan to help enhance the efficiency of the emergency plans. For Massachusetts the year of 2011 was quite a disaster as the state was struck with one of the largest tornadoes across around 18 community regions that claimed around 550 lives and made a huge chunk of the population homeless (Town of Monson, 2011, p.1; Earth Observatory, 2011). A large number of faults were observed in regards to leadership issues to render effective emergency services to the victims of such tornado devastated regions. Firstly, it was observed that there were huge communication gaps between the government authorities and the agencies that were working to promote emergency related services. There were also communication gaps where the people pertaining to the agency operations

Pennsylvania near Essay Example for Free

Pennsylvania near Essay Mining has been going on for a quite a long time in the whole world. It is worth noting that quarrying is an activity which is primarily aimed at extracting materials such as granite, limestone, slate and clay for various construction uses. On the same note, quarrying in Bangor has been done for more than a hundreds years due to the existence of karts topology. Bangor is located in eastern part of Pennsylvania near Pocono Mountains and West of Delaware Water Gap. It bears noting that Karts topology which has dominated this area is formed on limestone rocks by dissolution, includes underground streams, caves and beautiful sceneries (Langer, 2001). All these sceneries have been destroyed by quarrying impacts such as air pollution, noise pollution, and damage to biodiversity, land disturbance and heavy metal / toxins release. The neighborhood has for along time experienced a lot of difficulties in dealing with these impacts which are controllable though have far reaching effects.   Quarrying of Carbonate and other Rocks Since smaller and regular shaped stone products are required, large blocks of stone are extracted to provide a room for modifications. According to Langer (2001) a block of stone is cut from the bedrock mass by separating the block on all vertical sides then undercut the block or break the block away from the bedrock mass (p. 6). The major methods of quarrying are channel cutting and drilling and broaching. In channel cutting a multiple chisel-edged channeling machine cuts a rock into bars while in case of drilling and broaching method, a drilling machine drills many deep holes in a coordinated pattern (Langer, 2001). A broaching tool is then used to curve and chops the gaps between the drill holes which free the required block from the underlying bedrock mass (Langer, 2001). It is a requirement that the cutting be frequently sharpened for effectiveness Line drilling and blasting are the most modern methods used in quarrying in areas of Bangor. Line drilling involves the drilling holes in an overlapping manner and then sewing the stone using a wire saw or a chain saw (Langer, 2001). Blasting generally applies the use of explosives which break the stone blocks and produce small stones for crushing. This therefore implies that blasting cannot be applied in quarry when a certain shape of rock is desired (Langer, 2001). Quarrying affects the surrounding area and the immediate wildlife with numerous environmental damages. 3. 0 Air pollution All forms quarrying are capable of releasing dust which pollutes the air. Drilling and blasting are known to produce the most of the dust that affect the surrounding air (Langer, 2001). Clearing the forest or vegetation cover can also produce a considerable amount of dust. Another source of dust production is during the removal of soil cover for development of the quarry. Some of environmental factors that affect the concentration of dust include local microclimate condition, the dust particle size and the chemistry of the dust itself (Langer, 2001). Take for example a quarry like Capozzolo Slate Company which produces highly alkaline and reactive dusts from its mines and factory (Langer, 2001). If a coal mine is taken as a point of consideration, it produces a lot of heavy acidic dust. Air pollution from quarry dust becomes a nuisance over time since it deposits a heavy layer on plants and other surfaces it comes into contact with. It has far reaching effects on health of individuals by causing respiratory complications and eye problems. With respect to plants, dust coat causes the blockage of their internal structures which leads to and damaging of leaves and their cuticles (Langer, 2001). The long term survival of the plant is generally interfered with by the dust. 4. 0 Noise pollution Noise pollution develops from quarrying activities which start from the land clearance to the transportation of the final product of the quarry (Langer, 2001). The initial activities that produce noise pollution include those that are aimed at establishing access roads and rail connection, the quarry compound and also stone processing facility. The following procedure of exposing the stone mass to be extracted by removing all top soil using earth movers produces a lot of noise. In addition, the use of hydraulic excavators produces noise. Likewise, the drilling machines and blasting activities equally produce very loud noise (Langer, 2001). During the transportation of final product using heavy and powerful machines, truck traffic contributes to the production of noise (Langer, 2001). Additionally, the processing facility produces a lot of noise since crushing requires a lot of power. Consequently, the noise affects the surrounding wildlife and humans. 5. 0 Damage to biodiversity The major negative impacts of quarrying on the entire environment have been damage to biodiversity. Biodiversity basically refers to a wide range of living creatures, including mammals, fish, insects, invertebrates, reptiles, birds, plants, and micro-organisms (Langer, 2001). Quarrying destroys the ecosystem and all the species that are support. Moreover, the ecosystems are not only destroyed by the direct removal of the whole ecosystem but also indirectly by affecting and damaging related environment condition of the entire place (Langer, 2001). There are changes to underground water and surface water which cause many ecosystems to dry up while some experience flooding. Besides, the quality of water flowing downstream is compromised by the quarrying activities. On the same note, the water which comes into contact with the quarry by products is hard to purify since it cannot be filtered. Underground water is the most affected if quarrying activities interfere with the sinkholes by causing them to collapse. Ground-water pumping causes change of the flow of surface water. The large amounts of soil carried to the rivers cause result in a lot of silt deposits that pollute water systems thus killing animals. Quarrying in the Bangor zone has resulted increase of water runoff to some parts while other parts have been experiencing reduced water quality. Generally, quarrying causes the lowering of the ground water table by forcing it to go under the rock interface (Langer, 2001). The pumping of water out of the quarry may lead to high fluctuation of water ground water levels which may lead to drying up of the surrounding underground water systems. 6. 0 Land disturbance The land terrain is largely affected by the excavation activities and the damping of the waste soil. In to the bargain is the fact that the activities of making new rail line and roads cause a lot of soil movement which affects the natural terrain of the ground (Langer, 2001). Moreover, the land which is left after quarrying has stopped cannot be used economically through agricultural or commercial activities. 7. 0 Quarry Waste Just like many of the man-made mining activities, quarrying engages the production of considerable large amounts of wastes (Langer, 2001). A few quarries produce small amounts of permanent waste products with examples of sand and gravel quarries while others produce a large amount of waste material which includes clay and silt (Langer, 2001). The quarry wastes does note pose a big dander to the environment though it still have the potential for damage to the environment by contaminating any water that it comes into contact with. The quarry leaves permanent scars and massive footprints in landscapes (Langer, 2001). The abandoning of the quarry site leaves Lange trunks of landmass unsuitable for other uses. 8. 0 Heavy metal and toxins release Quarrying may release a lot of heavy metal and toxins to the environment that affect people’s health negatively and cause far reaching impacts on the surrounding ecosystem if it is conducted in areas that have harmful minerals (Langer, 2001). The release of harmful materials such as silica which is found in rocks enters the lungs , thus causing silicosis which is deadly as it can rip off the lungs. This may happen when little fragments silica rise as part of dust which is later breathed in through the nose. Another common effect of toxins is experienced when toxins are suspected to have been sipped in the water, which may lead an entire neighbourhood to go far away for search of clean and pure water. 9. 0 Recommendations The first measures to curb air pollution from quarrying activities should focus on the developing a forest cover that can contain the dust (Urich, 2002). Forest would help in increasing percolation and preventing soil erosion due to pumping of water out of the quarry site. Watering the roads that are used by the transporting track is also very useful (Urich, 2002). The quarry operations should be controlled in order to minimize the emission of the heavy dust by using modern technologies such as sawing instead of blasting stones. Land geo-morphological condition should be improved by an importation of other materials to fill the huge holes so as to return the natural ecology. Authorities in Bangor have made a mandatory that a reclamation guide line be included with each application for any quarrying permit (Langer, 2001). Contamination that occur through using abandoned quarry as dumping site can be voided by filling the quarry with soil that is free from any contamination. Moreover, water conservation measures can be applied by constructing stop dams and ponds that act as ground-water recharging sites (Langer, 2001). The surface run-off water is held back and all suspended solids are allowed to sink before entering the hydrological system. Controlling the soil erosion entry to streams by stabilization of exposed soil surface can be achieved by initiating vegetation cover growth on steep sides. Noise pollution can be reduced if the trucks traffic uses well designed road rail network. Better methods of stone extraction should be applied to avoid the production of noise pollution which people associate with quarrying activities. The damage to biodiversity can be lessened by a careful use of machines to avoid affecting a large portion of ecosystem. Land rehabilitation should follow immediately after the quarrying activities are completed (Langer, 2001). The quarry waste should be returned to the exposed hole before leaving the mining site. Finally, water that is drawn from the quarry should not be allowed into streams before its toxic levels being determined and ascertained that the levels are not dangerous. When all these are put into practice, then, the levels of pollution will greatly decrease. References Langer, W. H. (2001). potential Environmental Impacts Of Quarrying Stone in Karst- A leterature review. Retrieved August 10, 2010, from US Geological Survey web: http//geology. cr. usgs. go. gov/pub/ofrs/OFR-01-0484 Urich, P. B. (2002). Land Use in Karst Terrain: Review of Primary Activities on Temperate Karst Ecosystems. Science for conservation (198). Map of Bangor mine Source: http://wa. water. usgs. gov/projects/bangor/maps. htm Direct data from the USGS website with statistics and status of Bangor Limestone Bangor Limestone State Alabama Original map label Mb Province Interior Low Plateaus Province Name Bangor Limestone Age Mississippian Description Bangor Limestone Medium-gray bioclastic and oolitic limestone, containing interbeds of dusky-red and olive-green mudstone in the upper part. Map references Szabo, M. W. , Osborne, E. W. , Copeland, C. W. Jr. , Neathery; T. L. , 1988, Geologic Map of Alabama, Geological Survey of Alabama Special Map 220, scale 1:250,000. Primary rock type limestone Secondary rock type mudstone Unit references Szabo, M. W. , Osborne, E. W. , Copeland, C. W. Jr. , Neathery; T. L. , 1988, Geologic Map of Alabama, Geological Survey of Alabama Special Map 220, scale 1:250,000. Source: http://tin. er. usgs. gov/geology/state/sgmc-unit. php? unit=ALMb%3B2

Voluntary disclosure and corporate governance

Voluntary disclosure and corporate governance Introduction: Theforces that give rise in demand of information disclosure in modern capital market stems from the information asymmetry and agency conflicts existing between the management and the stockholders. Therefore, the solution to agency conflicts lies in the ownership structure and the function of board of directors. (Jensen and Meckling 1976) found that the Ownership structure is assessed by the proportion of shares held by managers and blockholders.So managerial ownership which is (the proportion of shares held by the CEO and executive directors) and blockholder ownership which is (the proportion of ordinary shares held by substantial shareholders) are two major governance mechanisms that help control agency problem. In addition, [Fama 1980] argues that the board of directors is the central internal control mechanism for monitoring managers. Financial reporting and disclosure are important resources for management to communicate firms performance and success of efficient capital market (ECM).Fama (1991) defined ECM as a market in which new information is accurately and quickly reflected in share prices. The incentive to voluntarily reveal information still under interest to both analytical and the empirical researchers.Analytical research concerned and verified issues as how competition affects disclosure, (Darrough and Stoughton 1990). Empirical researchers documented the influence of firm characteristics like size, leverage, listing and managerial ownership on disclosure. Firms provide disclosure by financial statements, management discussion and analysis, footnotes, furthermore some firms involved in voluntary supply such as internet sites, press releases, conference calls, management forecasts. Corporate disclosure is proxied by an aggregate discloser score of annual report, including background information, summary of historical results, non financial statistics, projected information and management decision and analyses. (Botosan 1997])and (Endg and Mak 2003). Voluntary disclosure is measured by the amount and detail of non mandatory information that is contained in the management decision and analyses in the annual report. Research problem: Corporate governance mechanism that is well practiced could benefit shareholder financially by exercising more control in the companies management. Moreover, the corporate governance characteristic can be seen as proxies for independents and the alignment of interest between management and the shareholder in minimizing the agency conflict. Many researches have been done among different countries to find out which factors could contribute to more disclosure by companies in their financial annual reports.Accordingly this research examines the impact of ownership structure, the profitability and board composition on corporate disclosure, in other words examining the relationship between corporate governance and voluntary disclosure, because the disclosure of information helps to reduce the cost of agency problems when there is an information asymmetry between management and shareholders . The efficiency gab has been narrowed in the worlds major economies but there remain important gabs in what we know. In particular, we lack a sufficient understanding of the complicated ways in which the various corporate governance mechanisms interact with each other and with other characteristics of firms and economies. Research Questions: Is there any relationship betweenlevel of profitability and the extent of voluntary disclosure? Is there any relationship between managerial ownership and the extent of voluntary disclosure? Is there any relationship betweenthe family member sitting on the board and the extent of voluntary disclosure? Research Objectives: The main objective of this study is to examine whichamong the variables contribute to voluntary disclosure and which attributes drive management toward increase disclosure levels. Specifically, the objectives of this study are listed below: To examine whether level of profitability affect the extent of voluntary disclosure of companies in Jordan. To examine whether managerial ownership structure affects the extent of voluntary disclosure of companies in Jordan. To examine whether the family member sitting on the board affect the extent of voluntary disclosure of companies in Jordan. Significance of Study: There are many parties will get benefits from this study, corporations, regulators, policy makers, the analytical, andempirical researches.This research will improve their understanding on which corporate governance factors affect the extant of voluntary disclosure and will increase their information about this area via providing additional evidence on corporate governance and disclosure. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Since separation of ownership and control is the predominant form of corporate governance, previous studies have investigated the relationship between the corporate governance mechanisms and firms disclosure behaviors. Many different theoretical perspectives and research methods have been employed by a wide range of research questions covering different countries and time periods. For example studies have been done by Chow and Wong-Boren (1987); Penmann (1988), Cooke (1991), Hossain et al. (1994) and Balachandran (2004). 2.1 Corporate governance The prior study mentions that the corporate governance refers to the way companies are directed and controlled. A primary concern is the likelihood of a deviation in the objectives of corporate managers from those of shareholders due to the agency costs involved in monitoring managerial behavior (Berle and Means 1932). Another study also mentions that the quality of corporate disclosures is associated with corporate governance characteristics. According to Bujaki and McConomy (2002), corporate governance has been described as the process and structure used to direct and manage business and affairs of the corporation with the objective of enhancing shareholder value†. Corporate governance has also been defined by the Finance Committee Report (1999) as â€Å"the manner in which firms top officers are being monitored and discipline accordingly with the objective ofenhancing shareholders value†. It is also claimed that â€Å"Corporate governance is the process and structure used to direct and manage the business and affairs of the company towards enhancing business prosperity and corporate accountability with the ultimate objective of realizing long term shareholder value†. Dey (1994) stated that proper corporate governance system can help ensure an effective division of authority among shareholders, the board of directors, and the management. According to recent reports by Newby (2001), investors are increasingly basing their investment decisions on companies corporate governance records and are willing to pay more for shares of well-governed companies compared to those of poorly governed companies. This premium for well-governed companies is explained by the role of corporate governance in a companys overall risk management strategy. 2.2 The agency theory Jensen Meckling (1976) in the agency theory provides a framework linking disclosure behavior to corporate governance. Corporate governance mechanisms are introduced to control the agency problem and ensure that managers act in the interests of shareholders. Theoretically, the impact of internal governance mechanisms on corporate disclosures may be complementary or substitutive. If it is complementary, agency theory predicts that a greater extent of disclosures is expected since the adoption of more governance mechanisms will strengthen the internal control of companies. Further, agency theory provides a framework for analyzing financial reporting incentive between managers and owners. Signaling theory explains why firms have an incentive to report voluntarily to the capital market even if there were no mandatory reporting requirements,and voluntary disclosure is necessary in order to come successfully in the market for risk capital,the ability of the firm to raise capital will be improved if the firm has a good reputation with respect to financial reporting. 2.3 Voluntary disclosure Penmann (1988) stated that financial disclosure could be divided into mandatory and voluntary disclosures. Mandatory disclosure is defined as any financial item disclosed in companies annual reports that are prescribed by accounting standards and or the stock exchange regulations. However, voluntary disclosure is defined as any financial item or data disclosed in annual reports of companies that are not prescribed by the companies act and or accounting standards, and, in addition, for public-listed companies, the stock exchange regulations. Further, Meek, Roberts Gray (1995) defined voluntary disclosures as disclosures in excess of requirements, representing free choices on the part of company managements to provide accounting and other information that deemed relevant to the decision needs of users of annual reports. Many studies have been carried out to explain voluntary information disclosure such as Chow and Wong-Boren (1987); Cooke (1991) Hossain et al. (1994) and so forth in their attempt to determine different levels of disclosures and the association between firms characteristics such as firms size and industry type and the levels of disclosure. In addition, good reporting is expected to lower firms cost of capital because there is less uncertainty in firms that reporting extensively and reliably. Therefore, there is less investments risk and lower required rate of return. According to Welker (1995), managers are not likely to withhold information for their own benefits under an intensive-monitoring environment, because this could lead to improvement in disclosure comprehensiveness and quality of financial statements. On the other hand, if the relationship is substitutive, companies will not provide more disclosures for more governance mechanisms since one corporate governance mechanism may substitute one another. If information asymmetry in a firm can be reduced because of the existing internal monitoring packages, the need for having additional governance devices is considered smaller. These apparently conflicting viewpoints on the impact of corporate governance have not been totally resolved, in spite of this theoretical ambiguity. Companies that perform well have a strong incentive to report their operating results. Competitive pressures would also force companies to report even though they did not have good results. Silence of a failure to report would be reinterpreted it as bad news. Companies with bad news would be motivated to report their results in order to avoid being suspected of having poor result. Such a situation would also force bad news firms to disclose results in order to maintain credibility in the capital market. 2.4 The reasons for voluntary disclosure Management of companies provides voluntary items in their annual reports because they perceived those items as important to be disclosed. Management wants to give information to users through annual reports in such a way that they are capable of meeting various needs of users for decision-making. There are various user groups of annual reports and each group has different perception regarding the voluntary items. One group may perceive item A as more important than item B. These differing perceptions among groups might be caused by different information needs to fulfill their specific purposes. Through annual reports, users can obtain more firms information relating to their decision-making. Although there are many sources of information regarding business entity, an annual report is considered the most important and valued source of information Vergoosen (1993). With regard to reasons why companies disclose voluntary items, theory suggests that many of the reasons why managements disclose items voluntarily to users are centered on the need to raise capital at the lowest possible cost (Cooke 1989). The following explanations may support reasons why companies disclose information voluntarily: Additional disclosures may help to attract new shareholders thereby helping to maintain a healthy demand for shares. Additional disclosure by providing more information relating to the present and future condition of firms wealth in order to build an image that may generate goodwill for future benefits (Iqbal et al 1997) Increased information may assist in reducing informational risk, which could lower the cost of capital. For the purpose of raising capital on the market, companies may increase their voluntary disclosure in annual reports. Consequently, listed companies are more likely to have a higher level of disclosure than unlisted companies Multiple listed companies often have an interest in foreign capital markets since foreign operations are often financed by capital (Choi Mueller 1992). Disclosure level might be increased to adapt to local customs to meet the requirements of banks and other suppliers of capital. Listed and multiple listed companies might increase their social responsibility disclosure to demonstrate that they act responsibly (Watts Zimerman 1979). Companies may have attained their status on the securities markets and are able to attract new shareholders for raising fund because they act responsibly (Cooke 1989) Under the capital markets transactions hypothesis, managers who plan on making capital market transactions (i.e., issuing public debt or equity) have incentives to provide voluntary disclosures to reduce information asymmetry between the managers and investors (Healy and Palepu 1995). According to the litigation cost hypothesis, the threat of litigation can encourage firms to increase voluntary disclosure (Skinner 1994). Table 1: Summary of previous studies examining Firm characteristics and the level of voluntary disclosure Year of study Author Country Variables used Result 1987 Chow and Wong Boren Mexico Firm size, financial leverage, and assets in place. The extent of voluntary disclosure is significantly related to firm size but not to firm leverage and assets in place. 1991 Cooke Japan Company size, Stock market listing, and industry types. Size was the single most important variable in explaining variation in voluntary disclosure. Stock market listing was also found to be a significant predictor, and manufacturing firms were found to disclose more information that other types. 1994 Hossain et al. Malaysia Firm size, ownership structure, foreign listing status, leverage, assets in place, and size of audit firm. Firm size, ownership structure, foreign listing status is statistically related to the level of information voluntarily disclosed by publicly traded companies. In contrast, leverage, assets in place and size of audit firm do not appear to be important factors in explaining voluntary disclosure by firms. 2001 Ho, Wong Hong Kong independent directors, voluntary audit committee, dominant personalities, family members on the board, voluntary disclosure The results indicate that the existence of an audit committee is significantly and positively related to the extent of voluntary disclosure, while the percentage of family members on the board is negatively related to the extent of voluntary disclosure. 2004 Balachandran Malaysia Voluntary disclosure, CEO duality and the proportion of independent directors on the board and on audit committees He found that CEO duality is associated with lower levels of voluntary corporate disclosures. It was also found a positive relationship between the proportion of independent non-executive directors on both the board and the audit committee to the extent of voluntary corporate disclosure. CHAPTER 3 HYPOTHESIS DEVELOPMENT 3.0 Introduction Upon existing academic literature several determinants explain why a firm may provide more information voluntarily than mandatory. Different theories such as agency theory, signaling theory, political cost theory, capital needs theory and so forth have also been used to explain those voluntary disclosures This chapter covers the theoretical framework, the hypotheses, the model specification and measurements of variables, disclosure index development and finally this chapter presents the model of the study. 3.1 Variables and framework 3.1.1 Profitability (Foster 1986) suggests that profitable, will managed firms have incentives do distinguish themselves from less profitable firms in order to raise capital on the best available terms by providing voluntary disclosures. Managers are motivated to disclose more detailed information to support the continuities of their positions and remuneration. Therefore, more profitable firms can be expected to disclose more voluntary information. (Haniffa and cooke 2002) find a positive and significant association between the firms profitability and the extent of voluntary discloser. This means that when there is increase in the profitability the voluntary discloser of this firm will increase. Therefore, it is hypothesized that: H1: there is a relationship between companys profitability and the extant of the voluntary disclosure 3.1.2 Managerial ownership ( Jensen and Meckling 1976) mention that agency theory argues that in a diffused ownership environment, firms will disclose more information to reduce agency costs and information asymmetry. In a more concentrated ownership situation, the impact on voluntary disclosure is more complicated. The argument can be made in either direction indicate that since managers pursue their own interest, higher management shareholding would imply a larger sharing of the loss, and ultimately, a lower possibility that management would lower corporate value. Managerial ownership is the percentage of ordinary shares held by the CEO and executive directors, and includes their deemed interests. When managerial ownership falls, outside shareholders will increase monitoring of managers behavior (Jensen and Meckling 1976). To reduce monitoring costs by outside shareholders, the manager will provide voluntary disclosure. Thus, voluntary disclosure is a substitute for monitoring. In addition, a study by (McKinnon and Dalimunthe 1993) found a significant association between ownership structure in diversified Australian companies and voluntary segment disclosure. (Hossain et al 1994) found that the level of disclosure of Malaysian companies is inversely related to the percentage of shares held by the ten most important shareholders. Further, empirical evidence shows that managerial ownership is negatively related to disclosure (Ruland, Tung and George 1990). Hence it is expected that voluntary disclosure increases with decreases in managerial ownership. Therefore it is hypothesized that: H2: There is a relationship between managerial ownership and the extent of voluntary disclosures. 3.1.3 Family member on the board When members of the board own a large number of shares and at the same time they are relatives from one family or a number of families, this may affect the financial disclosure practice of the firm. (Haniffa and Cooke 2002) in their study reported that the percentage of family ownership in any firm may influence the disclosure practice of the firm. It has been suggested that in countries where certain families have equity holdings there should be a little physical separation between those who own and those who manage the capital. (Ho and Wong 2001) mention that, the family control phenomenon is still in existence nowadays. However, it is still not clear to what extent the unique corporate ownership structure would impact the effectiveness of other monitoring devices such as audit committee, independent non-executive directors and CEO duality in determining a firms financial disclosure. Further, they stress that in a family-controlled firm, members of the controlling family would directly participate in the daily management of the firm by appointing themselves as executives and board directors. It is also assumed that every family member owns and votes its shares collectively. In theory, there are potential conflicts between the controlling and non controlling shareholders of a firm due to the formers propensity to extract private benefits through their involvement in the firm and other insider dealings. (Nicholls and Ahmed 1994) argued that capital owners do not have to rely completely on voluntary disclosure to the public to monitor their investments because they have greater access to internal information rather than the general public and stakeholders. This conclusion and findings are based on the idea that since members on the board have more information than external users this will negatively affect the extent of voluntary disclosure. This means that when the family ownership is large the voluntary disclosure of this firm will be less. It is assumed that companies with a family member sitting on the board are more likely to have lower level of voluntary disclosure than otherwise. Therefore, it is hypothesized that: H3: There is relationship between the family member sitting on the board and the extent of voluntary disclosure. 3.1.4 Control Variables From a review of the prior literature on voluntary disclosure, it was decided to include three control variables in the regression model for testing the main hypotheses. The control variables are firm size, leverage, and assets in place. Firstly, Firm size (SIZE): as a view of the association with higher levels of disclosure and firms size, (Firth 1978) who examined the impact of firm size, stock market listing, and auditors presence on voluntary corporate disclosure found that firms size and stock market listing were positively associated with voluntary disclosure. (McNally et al 1982) found that the companys size has significant relationship with the level of voluntary disclosure items. (Hossain et al 1994) found that firm size and Ownership structure of foreign-listing status are statistically related to the level of information voluntarily disclosed by publicly traded companies. Secondly, Assets in place (AIP): In relation to assets in place, (Hossain and Mitraa 2004) in their study examine the assets-in-place in determining the level of voluntary disclosure of data on foreign operations made by US multinational companies. The results indicate that assets-in-place influence the level of voluntary disclosure of data of US multinational companies. In contrast, (Chow and Wong-Boren 1987) examined the effect of proportion of assets in place on the voluntary disclosure. The results have not demonstrated any convincing evidence of any relationships. Thirdly, Leverage (LEVERAGE): the definition of leverage is the degree to which an investor or business is utilizing borrowed money. For companies, leverage is measured by the debt-to-equity ratio, which is calculated by dividing total debt by shareholders equity. The more total debt there is, the greater the financial leverage and the greater the risk of the company falling on its face. For investors, leverage means buying on margin or using derivatives such as options, to enhance return on value without increasing investment. Leveraged investing can be extremely risky because you can lose not only your money but the money you borrowed as well. Voluntary disclosure of information concerning debt fund may allow shareholders and bondholders to make better predictions about the growth, risk and return prospects of companies. Therefore, firms with higher leverage tend to disclose more information than the lower ones. (Cadbury 1995) in his study found that there was a positive associatio n between leverage and the extent of voluntary segment disclosure among New Zealand firms. 3.1.5 Framework Considering all factors of the independents and dependent variables, the model of the study is depicted the following figure. 3.2 Measurement Dependant variable Definition Measurement DSCORE Discloser score Total number of points awarded for voluntary discloser, strategic, non-financial and financial information (coding one â€Å"1† if the company disclose and Zero â€Å"0† otherwise) Independent variables Definition Measurement ROA Profitability Return on Assets MOWN Managerial ownership The proportion of ordinary shares held by the CEO and executive directors ( dividing the directors shares on total shared issued and fully paid) FMB Family member in the board Coding one (1) if there is family ownership and zero (0) otherwise Control variables Size Firm size This variable is measured by the log (base ten) of total assets LEV leverage The ratio of total debt of total equity value of the firm AIP Asset in place The ratio of net book value of fixed assets to total assets 3.3 Disclosure Index There is no agreed theory on the number and selection of items that should be included in a disclosure index. (Cooke and Wallace 1989) argued that the measurement of accounting disclosure is a procedure that has some inherent limitations and subjectivity. To reduce the subjectivity, the literature suggests that the following steps should be taken into consideration when constructing the index (see for example in Hossain et al. 1994). * Review the previous literature to draw a list of voluntary disclosure items. * Check that these items are not required by regulations and eliminate or omit any mandatory items. * Refine the list and get the views of academics and professionals on the items. Disclosure level can be measured in a number of different ways. The commonly used approach has been adopted using a discretionary item scores â€Å"1† if it is disclosed, and â€Å"0† if it is not disclosed. This method of scoring is known as the un-weighted approach based on the assumption that each item of disclosure is equally important. An un-weighted approach has been used in several prior studies like (Wallace 1988) and (Cooke 1989) in their study employ un-weighted disclosure index. (Gul and Leung 2004) reported that the final disclosure list contained 44 discretionary items such as background information, financial performance information and non-financial performance information. The background information includes matters that cover corporate goals, competition, products and markets. On the other hand, performance information includes items such as changes in sales, gross profits and RD expenditures. Furthermore, Non-financial information includes number of employees, and staff training and products segment analysis. For each item in the disclosure index, the company receives a score of ‘‘1 if it voluntarily discloses information on the item and ‘‘0 if otherwise. Furthermore, In (Balachandran 2004) study, he measures the disclosure score index that comprises the consideration of 66 discretionary items. He mentions that the study used approximately 60% of the discretionary items as used in the previously detailed studies. Further, (HO and WONG 2001), in their study measured also the reported disclosure by using a relative disclosure index. It was derived by first compiling a comprehensive list of voluntary disclosure items that companies may provide in their annual reports in Hong Kong. The index consists of total 20 items of most important that disclosed in annual report. However, in the present study, the extent of voluntary disclosure was measured by using a disclosure index which contains of items that disclosed in the annual report.For each item in the disclosure index, a company receives a score of ‘‘1 if it is voluntarily disclosed information on the items and ‘‘0 for otherwise. 3.4 Data Collection This research will use secondary data obtained from the annual reports of all the Jordanian companies. 3.5 Sample Selection The sample for this thesis is all Jordanian companies which are listed on Amman Stock Exchange; therefore the sample includes ninety three companies and covers the period 2002-2007. 3.6 Data Analysis: 3.6.1 The Descriptive Statistics This descriptive study produced the mean, minimum, maximum and standard deviation for each variable for Jordanian companies during 2002-2007. 3.6.2 The Correlation of variables This study shows how one variable is related to another. The results of this analysis represent the nature, direction and significant of the correlation of the variables used in this study and the correlation between variables is analyzed by using